Neue DNA-Forschung verändert den Ursprung der menschlichen Spezies
Ein neues Modell der menschlichen Evolution legt nahe, dass der Homo sapiens aus mehreren eng verwandten Populationen hervorgegangen ist.
Eine neue Studie in der Zeitschrift Nature stellt vorherrschende Theorien in Frage und legt nahe, dass sich der Homo sapiens aus mehreren unterschiedlichen Populationen in ganz Afrika entwickelt hat, wobei die erste nachweisbare Spaltung vor 120.000 bis 135.000 Jahren nach langen Perioden genetischer Vermischung erfolgte.
Bei der Untersuchung des genetischen Materials der heutigen Bevölkerung Afrikas und dem Vergleich mit den zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt gefundenen fossilen Beweisen Homo sapiens Dort haben Forscher ein neues Paradigma für die menschliche Evolution entdeckt – und damit die bisherige Annahme, dass eine einzige afrikanische Bevölkerung alle Menschen hervorgebracht habe, auf den Kopf gestellt. Die neue Forschung wurde am 17. Mai in der Zeitschrift veröffentlicht Natur.
Obwohl dies allgemein anerkannt ist Homo sapiens Die in Afrika entstandene Unsicherheit betreffe die Art und Weise, wie die Zweige der menschlichen Evolution auseinander gingen und wie Menschen über den Kontinent wanderten, sagte Brenna Hinn, Professorin für Anthropologie und Genome Center an der UC Davis und korrespondierende Autorin der Studie.
„Diese Unsicherheit ist auf begrenzte Fossilien- und alte Genomdaten zurückzuführen und auf die Tatsache, dass der Fossilienbestand nicht immer den Erwartungen von mit erstellten Modellen entspricht[{“ attribute=““>DNA,” she said. “This new research changes the origin of species.”
Research co-led by Henn and Simon Gravel of McGill University tested a range of competing models of evolution and migration across Africa proposed in the paleoanthropological and genetics literature, incorporating population genome data from southern, eastern, and western Africa.
The authors included newly sequenced genomes from 44 modern Nama individuals from southern Africa, an Indigenous population known to carry exceptional levels of genetic diversity compared to other modern groups. Researchers generated genetic data by collecting saliva samples from modern individuals going about their everyday business in their villages between 2012 and 2015.
The model suggests the earliest population split among early humans that is detectable in contemporary populations occurred 120,000 to 135,000 years ago, after two or more weakly genetically differentiated Homo populations had been mixing for hundreds of thousands of years. After the population split, people still migrated between the stem populations, creating a weakly structured stem. This offers a better explanation of genetic variation among individual humans and human groups than do previous models, the authors suggest.
“We are presenting something that people had never even tested before,” Henn said of the research. “This moves anthropological science significantly forward.”
“Previous more complicated models proposed contributions from archaic hominins, but this model indicates otherwise,” said co-author Tim Weaver, UC Davis professor of anthropology. He has expertise in what early human fossils looked like and provided comparative research for the study.
The authors predict that, according to this model, 1-4% of genetic differentiation among contemporary human populations can be attributed to variation in the stem populations. This model may have important consequences for the interpretation of the fossil record. Owing to migration between the branches, these multiple lineages were probably morphologically similar, which means morphologically divergent hominid fossils (such as Homo naledi) are unlikely to represent branches that contributed to the evolution of Homo sapiens, the authors said.
Reference: “A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa” by Aaron P. Ragsdale, Timothy D. Weaver, Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Eileen G. Hoal, Marlo Möller, Brenna M. Henn and Simon Gravel, 17 May 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y
Additional co-authors include Aaron Ragsdale, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Elizabeth Atkinson, Baylor College of Medicine; and Eileen Hoal and Marlo Möller, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
„Böser Kaffee-Nerd. Analyst. Unheilbarer Speckpraktiker. Totaler Twitter-Fan. Typischer Essensliebhaber.“